PAKISTAN’S RELATIONSHIP WITH INDIA an introductory article and notes

For over six decades, bilateral relations between Pakistan and India have been shadowed by the Kashmir dispute. Pakistan’s official stance on the issue has not wavered: the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir is a disputed territory, parts of which India occupies illegally.
India and Pakistan have fought three major wars including Indo-Pakistan War of 1947, Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, Indo-Pakistan War of 1971. In addition, there was an unofficial Kargil War. Many other conflicts and disputes have also created enmity between the two nations apart from these wars and the Kashmir dispute, including Siachin conflict, nuclear conflict, terrorism, etc.

INTRODUCTION TO INDIA:

India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. 

Capital: New Delhi    

Largest City: Mumbai    

Official Language: Hindi, English    

Government: Federal, Parliamentary    

Independence Declared: 15th August, 1947

PAK-INDIA COMPREHENSIVE TIMELINE OF EVENTS

Born out from the furnace of animosity, India and Pakistan, the twin brothers have a history of unique relations. There is much in common between Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The diplomatic relations developed soon after independence but these relations did not ensure good friendship. The blaming process started soon after the inception of Pakistan when during the world’s biggest mass migration both states were unable to provide security to minorities.

Kashmir Dispute:

Following partition, the “princely” states were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. A violent competition soon resulted as the two new nations sought to win to their own nations the largest and most strategically located states, such as Hyderabad and Kashmir. Because Kashmir was more than 70% Muslim, Pakistan insisted that a vote be taken in the state. However, India argued, since the Maharaja of Kashmir was Hindu, he had right to take the state into India. Even as independence was being celebrated, India and Pakistan began a covert war in Kashmir and the struggle for that state still goes on today.

The Kashmir issue has been the main cause, whether direct or indirect, of all major conflicts between the two countries with the exception of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 where conflict originated due to turmoil in erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947:

This is also called the First Kashmir War.

The war started in October 1947 when it was feared by Pakistan that the Maharajah of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu might accede to India. Jammu and Kashmir, the largest of the princely states, had a predominantly Muslim population ruled by the Hindu Maharaja. Tribal forces from Pakistan attacked and occupied parts of the princely state which forced the Maharajah to sign the Agreement to the accession of the princely state to the Dominion of India to get Indian military aid.

The war officially ends in January, 1949, when the United Nations arranges a ceasefire, with an established Line of Control (LOC) dividing Kashmir into territories administered by Pakistan (northern and western areas) and India (southern, central and northeastern areas) on the basis of ceasefire positions.It was decided that a referendum will be held for the accession of Kashmir.

That referendum is yet to be held. Both countries refer to the other side of the ceasefire line as "occupied" territory.

1963:

The foreign ministers of India and Pakistan (Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto) hold talks Americans regarding the Kashmir dispute, but no agreement was reached. 

1964:

Following the failure of the 1963 talks, Pakistan refers the Kashmir case to the UN Security Council.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965:

In 1965, India and Pakistan fought their 2nd War. This war started following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to start a rebellion against Indian rule. If successful, Pakistan hoped to gain control over Kashmir, but the operation resulted in a major failure. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and also witnessed the largest tank 

Battle since World War II.

The war ended after a ceasefire was declared following intervention by the Soviet Union and USA and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Both India and Pakistan claimed victory. However, most neutral assessments pointed out that India had the upper hand over Pakistan when ceasefire was declared.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971:

India and Pakistan go to war a third time, this time over East Pakistan. The conflict begins when the central Pakistani government in West Pakistan, led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, refuses to allow Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, a Bengali whose party won the majority of seats in the 1970 parliamentary elections, to assume the office.

In December 1971, following the political crisis, the situation soon went out of control in East Pakistan and India intervened in favor of the rebelling Bengali people. The conflict, a brief but bloody war, resulted in an independence of East Pakistan as “Bangladesh”.

1972:

After Pakistan’s defeat in the 1971 war with India, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s PPP government established the Simla Agreement with Indira Gandhi’s government, in which both countries agree to put an end to the conflict by accepting the new "Line-of-Control (LoC)" between the two countries.They also agreed that from then on, they would settle their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations.

1974:India became a nuclear power.

1988: Benazir Bhutto’s first government (1988-1990) took steps to normalize relations with India by terminating support to Sikh rebels in Indian Punjab and establishing confidence building measures (CBMs) on security matters with her counterpart, Rajiv Gandhi. 

1990s:

During the democratic period of the 1990s, Nawaz Sharif’s government engaged constructively with India on security issues, including Kashmir, but its efforts were hindered by a military unwilling to surrender its grip over policy toward India in general and toward Kashmir more specifically.

In 1998, the situation worsened because of nuclear experiment conducted by Pakistan and in 1999 the Kargil War.

The Twenty-First Century and Indo Pak Relations 

Rivalry increased when attack was conducted on Indian parliament in 2001. India blamed Pakistan for involvement. Other confidence building measures such as Delhi Lahore Bus service and aid to 2001 earthquake affected in India by Pervez Musharraf were victorious in improving relations. However the terrorist attacks that occur have ruined such efforts. The attack on the Indian Parliament in 2001 almost started a nuclear war between the two states. India offered generous aid to Pakistan in response to the October 2005 earthquake. The bombings in 2007 of the Samjhauta express in which 68 people were killed who were mostly Pakistanis, and also Indians. This was accompanied by the 2008 Mumbai suicide-bomb attacks allegedly carried out by Pakistani militants served as knife to the bond of the two nations. The series of blaming each other started again. These events have soured the peace talks immensely.

In 2011, India agreed to resume talks with Pakistan which were suspended after Mumbai Attacks. India had put on hold all the diplomatic relations saying it will only continue if Pakistan will act against the accused of Mumbai attacks.

Other Peace Efforts:

Governmental Efforts:

Both India and Pakistan have launched several mutual confidence-building measures (CBMs) to ease tensions between the two. These include more high-level talks, easing visa restrictions, and restarting of cricket matches between the two. The bus service between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad has also helped bring the two sides closer. Pakistan and India have also decided to co-operate on economic fronts. Some improvements in the relations are seen with the re-opening of a series of transportation networks near the India–Pakistan border, with the most important being bus routes and railway lines.

Non-Governmental Efforts:

In addition to official talks, there are numerous non-governmental efforts to normalise relations.

Media Efforts

Example: Launched by two leading Indian and Pakistani media enterprises in January 2010, The Times of India and the Jang Group respectively, the Aman ki Asha (Hope for Peace) initiative promotes a range of activities, from closed-door discussions on political issues such as Kashmir, intelligence sharing and water to cultural programs such as literary shows.

Conferences

Example: In 2010, an economic conference of Pakistani and Indian businessmen, was held which outlined potential for cooperation. Another economic conference was held in Lahore in 2012.

CONCLUSION Dedudction on Indo Pak Relations

The future of Pakistan-India relations is far from certain. There are both major problems and opportunities that could tilt the relationship either way. The protracted issues of Kashmir and terrorism will remain a thorn in the side of both states and will continue to hamper the normalization of relations into the future. That said, there are also opportunities which both states can capitalize on in order to improve their economic and security ties and possibly normalize the relationship moving forward.

We also publish on the topics of your demand for example

india pakistan relations article                                       india pakistan relations 2018
          relationship between india and pakistan essay
current relation between india and pakistan 2018
current relation between india and pakistan 2017
india pakistan relations 2018 pdf       india pakistan relations pdf     india and pakistan conflict

relationship between india and pakistan essay 2017
current relation between india and pakistan 2017
india pakistan relations article    current relation between india and pakistan 2018
relation between india and pakistan since 1947
india pakistan relations 2018b india pakistan relations pdf
pak india relations notes